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Noise health effects are the health consequences of regular exposure, to consistent elevated sound levels. Elevated workplace or other noise can cause hearing impairment, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, annoyance, and sleep disturbance. Changes in the immune system and birth defects have been attributed to noise exposure. Although some presbycusis may occur naturally with age, in many developed nations the cumulative impact of noise is sufficient to impair the hearing of a large fraction of the population over the course of a lifetime.〔Senate Public Works Committee, ''Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1972'', S. Rep. No. 1160, 92nd Cong. 2nd session〕 Noise exposure also has been known to induce tinnitus, hypertension, vasoconstriction, and other cardiovascular adverse effects. Beyond these effects, elevated noise levels can create stress, increase workplace accident rates, and stimulate aggression and other anti-social behaviors. The most significant causes are vehicle and aircraft noise, prolonged exposure to loud music, and industrial noise. In Norway, road traffic has been demonstrated to cause almost 80% of the noise annoyances reported.〔http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/01/sa_nrm/arkiv/nrm2006/kap10-noise.pdf, pp. 188-189.〕 There may be psychological definitions of noise as well. Firecrackers may upset domestic and wild animals or noise-traumatized individuals. The most common noise-traumatized persons are those exposed to military conflicts, but often loud groups of people can trigger complaints and other behaviors about noise. Infants are easily startled by noise. The social costs of traffic noise in EU22 are more than €40 billion per year, and passenger cars and lorries (trucks) are responsible for bulk of costs.〔http://www.transportenvironment.org/sites/te/files/media/2008-02_traffic_noise_ce_delft_report.pdf〕 Traffic noise alone is harming the health of almost every third person in the WHO European Region. One in five Europeans is regularly exposed to sound levels at night that could significantly damage health.〔http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environmental-health/noise〕 Noise also is a threat to marine and terrestrial ecosystems.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Impact Of Man-made Noise - Whale Acoustics )〕 ==Hearing loss== (詳細はhearing loss can be attributed to aging, infection, surgery, prolonged use of some medications, trauma, and to stereocilia of the cochlea, the principal fluid filled structure of the inner ear. The pinna combined with the middle ear amplifies sound pressure levels by a factor of twenty, so that extremely high sound pressure levels arrive in the cochlea, even from moderate atmospheric sound stimuli. Underlying pathology to the cochlea are reactive oxygen species, which play a significant role in noise-induced necrosis and apoptosis of the stereocilia. Exposure to high levels of noise have differing effects within a given population, and the involvement of reactive oxygen species suggests possible avenues to treat or prevent damage to hearing and related cellular structures.〔 The elevated sound levels cause trauma to cochlear structure in the inner ear, which gives rise to irreversible hearing loss.〔S. Rosen and P. Olin, ''Hearing Loss and Coronary Heart Disease'', Archives of Otolaryngology, 82:236 (1965)〕 A very loud sound in a particular frequency range can damage the cochlea's hair cells that respond to that range, thereby reducing the ear's ability to hear those frequencies in the future,〔(HeadWize - Article: Preventing Hearing Damage When Listening With Headphones (A HeadWize Headphone Guide) )〕 however, loud noise in ''any'' frequency range has deleterious effects across the entire range of human hearing.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=404w Page Not Found (DTIC) )〕 The outer ear (visible portion of the human ear) combined with the middle ear amplifies sound levels by a factor of 20 when sound reaches the inner ear.〔''Noise: A Health Problem'' United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Noise Abatement and Control, Washington, DC 20460, August, 1978〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Health effects from noise」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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